新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson33
【课文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题 。
Why is education democratic in bookless, tribal societies?
Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back 'interest' in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks — those purchasable wells of wisdom-what would civilization be like without its benefits?
So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births — but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of 'college' imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.
It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no 'illiterates' — if the term can be applied to peoples without a script — while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of 'civilized' nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.
Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parent; therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency'. No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.
JULIUS E. LIPS The Origin of Things
【New words and expressions 生词和短语】
adverse adj. 不利的
purchasable adj.可买到的
preacher n. 传教士
defendant n. 被告
outlook n. 视野
capacity n. 能力
democratic adj. 民主的
tribal n. 部落的
tribe n. 部落
illiterate n. 文盲
compulsory adj. 义务的
deem v. 认为
means n. 方法，手段，财产，资力
hamper v. 妨碍
savannah n. 大草原
juvenile adj. 青少年
delinquency n. 犯罪
【课文注释】
1.adverse adj. 不利的, 逆向的, 有害的
例句： The development was adverse to our interests.
这种发展与我们的利益背道而驰 。
【词义辨析】
opposite, contrary, adverse, reverse, converse这些形容词均含“相反的、对立的”之意 。
opposite: 指位置、方向、行动或想法等完全相反 。
contrary: 一般指与某种主张、看法或行为等正好相反，隐含否定一方并不意味着肯定另一方的意味 。
adverse: 通常指违害利益的、无生命的势力或条件等，侧重分歧 。
reverse: 指朝相反方向的或反面(背面)的 。
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